A PwC study of 10,640 projects across 200 companies, 30 countries and multiple industries found that only 2.5% delivered 100% of what they set out to deliver. A separate study published in Harvard Business Review analysed 1,471 IT projects and found an average budget and schedule overrun of 27%, with one company in six running more than 200% over budget and 70% over schedule. Every organization in both studies had clear processes, milestones, monitoring tools and named owners. The surprise, in the research and in reality, comes less from know-how and tooling and more from behaviour and level of engagement: most technology implementations fail because the system is never genuinely adopted, and the cost of that far exceeds the cost of the system itself.